Global Strategy of Sony Ericsson Essay

In 2001, Sony Ericsson is established by the Japanese company Sony (a consumer electronics corporation) as a fifty-fifty joint venture with the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson (a mobile communications infrastructure and systems business) which offers mobile phones, accessories and applications. Before the merger, its provides expertise in mobile communication, after the merger, its provide both the consumer electronics and content expertise. In 2011, Sony Ericsson changes their global strategy by focusing more on high end smartphones. At the same times, Sony Ericsson will focus on their key markets, which is including the U.S., Russia, China and Germany. The transaction gives Sony focus on high end smartphones product includes their accessories and application that will lead to profitability and the growth of its business. However, the company facing new challenges in this dynamic changing environment, aggressive competition will affect the global market share of the company and it revenue. In 2012, Sony Ericsson becomes an end when Sony’s announcement that it will acquired 50 percent stake in Sony Ericsson, changed its name to Sony Mobile Communications AB (SMEC) let Sony Ericsson becomes an affiliated company of Sony Corporation (Sony). Sony is a multinational corporation, one of the most leading brand and its functions as designing, manufacturing, marketing mobiles phones and its accessories. With the announcement of acquisition, it will be a brand new start for Sony Ericsson to embark within the Sony family, expanded their marketing activities. Sony Ericsson use outsourcing for the customer interaction centre is another global strategy. This customer interaction centre is established to solve and meet all customer requirements and their problems, and at the same time reducing their cost for expansion.

Slave Dbq

Julie Giaimo DBQ Going back to 1619, Africans were bought to America and sold to Americans as workers. It wasn’t long before slavery became a controversial issue. Over the course of almost two and a half centuries the debate of weather to continue or abolish slavery went on. The supporters and the abolitionist had their arguments on how they viewed slavery, and the government played their part too. Those who supported slavery were for the most part southerners. Senator John C. Calhoun states that slavery is a â€Å"positive good†.He says that through slavery, the conditions of the races improved physically, morally, and intellectually and the two races of black and white were brought together. Calhoun also says that the living conditions for the slaves were good and they were taken care of. But in reality, the slaves were living in shacks fearing for their lives and hoping not to get beaten by their slave owner after a long hard day of working in the blistering sun on t he plantations (document 2). Another man against the abolition of slavery is Chancellor Harper.According to Harper, the emancipated slaves would harm the economy of the United States and Europe. This is because he believed that the free laborers would strike against working for higher pays and they wouldn’t do their jobs, thus affecting the trade. The slaves did get paid but very low amounts compared to the hard work that they put into their jobs (document 3). Those were some arguments of people who supported slavery and believed that it should be continued. People who didn’t believe in slavery are known as abolitionist.

Child Education In India Education Essay

Education has continued to germinate, diversify and widen its range and coverage since the morning of human history. Every state develops its system of instruction to show and advance its alone socio-cultural individuality and besides to run into the challenges of the times. There are minutes in history when a new way has to be given to an antique procedure. That minute is today. The state has reached a phase in its economic and proficient development when a major attempt must be made to deduce the maximal benefit from the assets already created and to guarantee that the fruits of alteration reach all subdivisions. Education is the main road to that end. Issues Prevelance of Child labor: All non-school traveling kids are child workers in one signifier or the other. Agricultural kid labor constitutes the nucleus of the job. Child labour policies and instruction policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do desire to direct their kids to be educated and poorness as a confining factor is extremely over-rated. Motivation and handiness of substructure instead than poorness are the cardinal factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal instruction in eliminating child labor and forcefully argues for a statute law to supply for compulsory education.A The chief statement against child labor and mandatory instruction is that it is necessary for the well-being of the hapless as the province is unable to supply alleviation. The 2nd statement, is that instruction would do the hapless ill-sorted for the sort of manual work that is required to be done. The 3rd statement is that certain industries would be forced to shut down if they did non hold the installation of the low pay kid labor. The last statement against censoring child labor and implementing mandatory instruction is that the State should non be allowed to interfere in the parents ‘ rights who know what is best for their kids and households. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular enlargement of the ICDS, the coverage of kids for ECCE is still every bit low as 20 per centum. This is an issue of both unequal entree and unequal quality of service bringing. With ICDS go oning to be the chief vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is suggesting to spread out the service further and universalise it within the following few old ages. While this is a welcome proposal, the hazard is of spread outing excessively fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian authorities has expressed a strong committedness towards instruction for all ; nevertheless, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 per centum of the 330 million adult females aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate adult females in India. Laws Associating to Child Education in IndiaConstitutional place of instruction in IndiaWhile sing the assorted facets of instruction with respect to province duty, judicial readings, given to this duty by assorted legal experts are the primary beginning of larning. In the good old times, instruction was basically an act of charity or philanthropic gift. Then, it was thought of as an ‘occupation ‘ . Judicial pronouncement went so far as to see it as an ‘industry ‘ . Whether or non to comprehend instruction as a cardinal right or non has been debated for a long clip. The constitution and the disposal of an educational establishment for the conveyance of cognition to pupils is an business, protected by Article 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) and to boot by Article 26 ( a ) , if there is no component of net income coevals. Imparting instruction has come to be a agency of support for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some philanthropists. â€Å" Education † was a State Subject in position of the undermentioned Entry 11, placed in List II State List: – â€Å" 11. Education including universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. † By the Constitution ( 42nd Amendment ) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and alternatively Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be appropriately amended so as to read as under: – â€Å" 25. Education, including proficient instruction, medical instruction and universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I ; vocational and proficient preparation of labor † The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the province to do a proviso of free and mandatory instruction for kids below the age of 14 old ages. 45. Provision for free and mandatory instruction for kids: The State shall endeavour to supply, within a period of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 14 old ages. However, the authorities has non been successful in supplying equal installations of instruction for the under privileged kids, located in the rural countries. The Supreme Court in the instance Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) ruled that the right to instruction is a cardinal right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this opinion, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, saying, â€Å" The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age of six to fourteen old ages in such mode as the State may, by jurisprudence, determine. † The 86th Amendment besides modified Article 45, which now reads â€Å" The State shall endeavour to supply early childhood attention and instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 6 old ages. † The province late enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to consequence the 86th Constitutional amendmentJudiciary and EducationIn the judgement of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a strategy that governs admittances to professional colleges. The chief aim was to guarantee that virtue prevails in the affair of admittances, both in regard of what were called â€Å" free seats † every bit good as in regard of â€Å" payment seats. † This judgement was rendered on February 4, 1993. The strategy was to be effectual from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several establishments against the said judgement. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgement of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational jurisprudence. Law studies are full with opinions related to the instruction in its several facets. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation instance, there were four oft- quoted prima instances refering the field of instruction, viz. , ( I ) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) 1 SCC 645 ( two ) St. Stephen ‘s College v. University of Delhi ( 1992 ) 1 SCC 558 ( three ) Ahmedabad St. Xavier ‘s College Society v. State of Gujarat ( 1974 ) 1 SCC 717 and ( four ) Rhenium: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, ( 1958 ) SCR 995.Right to Education ActThe Right to Education Act seeks to give consequence to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Outstanding commissariats: The State shall guarantee a school in every vicinity Every school shall conform to certain minimal criterions, defined in the Bill Government schools shall supply free instruction to all admitted kids Private schools shall acknowledge at least 25 % of kids from weaker subdivisions ; no fee shall be charged to these kids Screening trials at the clip of admittance and capitation fees are prohibited for all kids Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to supervise all facets of simple instruction including quality.The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows:Every kid between the age of 6 and 14 old ages has the right to full-time free and mandatory instruction in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled kids, of age group 7-9 old ages, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate class within one twelvemonth of the beginning of the Act, and kids, of age group 9-14 old ages, have the right to be provided particular programmes that will enable them to go to such class within three old ages. Children with terrible or profound disablement, who are unable to go to a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided instruction in an appropriate environment. A kid can non be held back in any class or expelled from a school boulder clay Class VIII. Any ejection requires an order of the School Management Committee ( SMC ) , which will be given merely after all other disciplinary steps have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authorization will take stairss to inscribe such a kid in another neighbourhood school.The Act besides prescribes the duty of the State as follows:The State shall guarantee handiness of a neighbourhood school for every kid within three old ages. In instance of non-availability, free conveyance or free residential installations shall be provided. The state/UT authorities shall find every twelvemonth the demand of schools, installations, and their locations ; set up extra schools as required ; deploy instructors and create installations for their preparation. The State shall develop a mechanism to supervise registration, engagement and attainment position of every kid, and take disciplinary stairss wheresoever required. Information in this respect will be made available in the public sphere, including on an online footing. School Admissions No school can carry on any screening process of any kid or parents at the clip of admittance. Children will be selected for admittance in a random mode. Capitation fees are prohibited.Commissariats refering School Management:All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must close down. The Act specifies certain norms ( such as teacher-student ratio, physical substructure etc. ) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to organize School Management Committees ( SMCs ) with at least 75 % of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members stand foring instructors, the community and the local authorization. SMCs will pull off the school, including the countenance of leaveCommissariats sing Content and ProcessSchools and academic governments explicating course of study shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should run in a child- friendly and child- centred mode. No kid shall be required to look at a public scrutiny before finishing Grade VIII. Policies and SchemesOutstanding Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education ( ECCE ) in IndiaNational Nutrition Policy ( 1993 ) which recognized kids below six old ages as bad groups to be given high precedence. National Policy on Empowerment of Women ( 2001 ) , supported proviso of child care installations, including creches at work topographic points. India besides ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its committedness to kids, which resulted in preparation of policy model to fix a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has besides been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of kids with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children ( 2005 ) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the ends. It specified attention, protection and development chances for kids below 3 old ages and integrated attention and development and pre-school acquisition chances for 3-6 twelvemonth olds. National Curriculum Framework ( 2005f emphasized two old ages of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as important for holistic development of the kid, as a readying for schooling and as a support service for adult females and misss. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate course of studyIntegrated Child Development Services ( ICDS )India has the differentiation of holding conceptualized and floated possibly the universe ‘s largest plan for kids, modeled on the definition which says that working with kids means a more holistic position one of its constituents is child instruction, every bit early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) , this plan targets kids, pregnant and breastfeeding female parents and adolescent misss from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool instruction has been one of its nucleus constituents.Other Policies and Schemesaˆ? National Policy on Education, 1968 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 ( As modified in 1992 ) aˆ? National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Infusions associating to Education aˆ? National Curriculum Framework, 2005 aˆ? National Commission for Protection of Child Rights aˆ? Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha aˆ? Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA ) aˆ? Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education aˆ? Information and Communication Technology in Schools ( ICT @ Schools ) aˆ? Primary Education – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan SuggestionsDecentralized and holistic planning for kids:Given India ‘s diverseness and scale the planning procedure and designing of intercessions for kids have to be contextualized. This can merely be possible through a decentralized and participatory attack to planning and execution. The Education sector already has experience of this attack to some extent and the plans /services for younger kids would necessitate to larn from this experience and make out to kids in a more targeted and local specific manner.Precedence to and Ownership of ECCE:Very late, the entire duty of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a freshly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is excessively early to notice upon the deductions of this determination, nevertheless, it is likely to bring forth a batch of treatment and argument about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the instruction sector.Pres cription V. Practice:While, a favorable policy model and appropriate curricular counsel is available in the state for ECCE ; the world is that there is a big spread between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a survey conducted by the NCERT ( 1998 ) it was found that about all the ICDS centres observed adhered to learning of 3 R ‘s ( reading, composing and arithmetic ) and there was a practical absence of any drama activities. Typically, the activities of preschool instruction under ICDS are conducted for a period runing from 45 proceedingss to two hours duration daily, with minimum drama and larning material support and that excessively, mostly in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor infinites, basic substructure installations and competent workers. Preschool instruction in private/ public baby's room schools, once more, is mostly a downward extension of primary instruction course of study, with instructors frequently holding no ECCE preparation. Training Inputs and Institutional Support:Effective readying of teachers/service suppliers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to find quality. Matching to the scope of ECCE plans and enterprises in India there is a assortment of developing commissariats in ECCE, every bit good. These scope from the two twelvemonth integrated Nursery Teachers ‘ preparation plan ( NTT ) which aims at fixing instructors for preschool phase ( 3-6 old ages ) and for the first two classs ( 6-8 old ages ) of the primary phase, In add-on, the course of study of higher/ senior secondary phase of instruction ( +2 ) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boardss have besides included early childhood instruction as an country of vocational instruction.Public Spending on Childs:For the really first clip, in the twelvemonth ( 2004-05 ) , the Ministry of Women and Child Development ( MWCD ) in Government of India undertook a ‘chi ld budgeting ‘ exercising to look at commissariats and outgos for kids more holistically. This portends good for a more comprehensive attack towards planning and budgeting for kids in the hereafter. The public financess allocated to kids are classified under four caputs in the kid budgeting exercising: ICDS & A ; Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Fundamental law of India, kid related commissariats are in the coincident list of duties with the States holding a outstanding function in service bringing. However, most of the provinces passing are on perennial points of outgos, it is the financess which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality betterment. Overall, there has been an addition in outgo on kids as a per centum of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26 % in 2001-02 ( DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05 ) . As indicated in Figure 13 below, in footings of comparative parts, both the cardinal and State parts show steady additions over clip, particularly since 1997-98, with the provinces ‘ part being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public outgo is far less than it should be.

Developing skills of critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing skills of critical analysis - Essay Example The experimental study conducted by to evaluate the meaningfulness of the critical analysis skills in the education sector revealed very interesting facts.The texts chosen for the essay have been selected keeping in view the subject i.e.developing skills of critical analysis and focusing on the role of education in the development of these skills.In order to fully understand the relationship between the two, the sources of information I chose include journal articles, studies conducted by institutions and individuals and also research work on the importance of these skills and educations role in its development in the modern world today. (Doughty, 2007) in his study of the critical analysis skills, gives a very thorough knowledge on the subject, keeping in view the modern worlds requirements and also by focusing more on the educational aspect, that plays an important role in the development of these skills in the individuals. I believe the point of view presented in the study is good blend of both the basics of the critical analysis skills and explanation of educations impact in a good yet criticizing way, thus emphasizing on its relative importance. The techniques and alternatives described serve as a useful means to consider the developing of these skills at a large level and inculcating these skills in the students through education thus making a complete system. (Wallace, 2009) is an influential writer and has written many books for NASA. Her insight on the subject is very interesting as she provides a modern view on critical analysis skills. The discussion and views expressed in the article tend to focus on how individuals perceive information and how two different points of views are made and understood. This is where the importance of critical analysis and thinking is felt and realized that it is something which needs to be practiced and an individual needs to be skilled in it thus expressing his views in a more meaningful way. Moreover the point raised in the article is very prominent that like other skills that are measured and are thought to be meaningful, critical analysis skills should be given such importance as well. I agree with this point, that once the education system tries to adopt this approach, the individuals would be in a better position to practice these skills and this would help in their social up-bringing and overall betterment of the society as a whole. The study by (Facione, 1990) is a comprehensive report that concentrates on the importance of critical thinking and analysis skills using an appropriate research methodology and thus defining the skills requirement for critical analysis. The study also proposes recommendations as to how the education system can adopt certain methods and techniques so as to develop these skills and nurture the dispositions that can help in yielding positivity among the individual to inquire about their surroundings and interpret meaningful results. (Staff, 2005) gives a reasonabl e argument in the article that it is the educational philosophy and the student evaluation criteria in the education system that is not letting the skills of critical analysis being developed in students. It also discusses the importance of these skills for the students today and how the education system is affecting it, thus making the students suffer a great deal. The experimental study conducted by (Paul, Elder, & Bartell, 1995) to evaluate the meaningfulness of the critical analysis skills in the education sector revealed very interesting facts. The claims that the education sector should adopt measures for the development of the critical analysis skills in the students, the teachers themselves are not aware of the critical thinking and analysis skill. This definitely raises concerns that how the education system should be changed so that it becomes the practice, or norm in teaching. Developing skills of critical analysis Critical analysis is an important cognitive tool that is required in this modern world to be abreast with the world in contemplating ideas, assumptions, and actions in a reasonable and logical context. In this essay I would be discussing the importance of

Dubai is an example of modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dubai is an example of modernity - Essay Example With the discovery of oil in 1966, coupled with the vision on leadership of His Highness Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Dubai quickly expanded in the latter half of the 20th and early part of the 21st centuries to become one of the world’s foremost tourist destinations with world class hotels, entertainment, shopping, and sporting events. Dubai stands out today as a model in the Middle East for a modern, sophisticated Muslim society, steeped in tradition, but always striding forward with an eye to the future and leading the Middle East and the world in attracting businesses with a world-class cultural and economic base. It has thus become in international city with economic and cultural impact far beyond its borders. Beginnings of Business. Prior to 1833, there was little that existed on the Saudi Arabian peninsula but a finger of desert separating the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. All that existed in this small peninsular area was a creek, which was settled by some 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, led by the Maktoum Family (Government of Dubai). As a natural harbor, the creek allowed the Maktoum Family to utilize its resources for fishing, pearling, and trade. In 1835, Dubai and the rest of the small states in the region signed a â€Å"Perpetual Maritime Truce† with Great Britain, allowing it to come under the protection of the UK. (Dubai City Guide). Unlike its neighbors, Dubai stood out with its welcoming attitude and fostering of trade and commerce, led by the rulers from the founding Maktoum Family. With the vision and leadership of Shaikh Saeed Maktoum, Daubai was encouraged to expand and look forward, toward the future, in an area which had traditionally looked toward the past. In 1892 he signed an exclusive business deal with the British and in 1894 permitted a full tax exemption for foreign traders (SkiDubai). Traders from all over the world descended on Dubai to take advantage of the tarriff-free goods being sold at that port . In 1903, the Sheikh convinced a major British steamship line to make Dubai a port of call. (SkiDubai). Dubai was beginning to realize its potential for huge economic growth and expansion.. By 1900, with the aid of the vision of Sheikh Saeed and agreements with Great Britain, Dubai had been developed into a thriving and successful port with a growing international market. Within 30 years, Dubai’s population had exploded to over 20,000 people who came to take advantage of its location as a center for fishing and trade, as ships from around the world came to and from the Middle East to India, Europe, and the Far East. Dubai’s reputation as a trading hub was further augmented in the 1950s when Sheikh Rahid bin Saeed Al Maktoum increased the profitability of the trading center with widened water ways and greater accessibility to the creek. Although expensive and time-consuming, Sheikh Rahid’s vision strengthened Dubai’s position as a major trading center and export center in the lower Peninsula region. In the 1930s. With a great depression looming over much of the world, and a decrease in the pearling industry, Sheikh Saeed created a legendary â€Å"re-export† business in trade-free Dubai. (Some called it smuggling, but those are semantics.) What Dubai did was import tarriff-free goods

Describe the evidence for environmental changes since the Last Coursework

Describe the evidence for environmental changes since the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e, approximately 130,000 year - Coursework Example With such information in mind, it is then relevant to discuss such issues in this paper. This being the key points of this paper, the research question is: what is the evidence for environmental change in the tropical since the last interglacial? The tropical region history The tropic is a region on the earth surrounding the equator. The region is commonly found at the northern hemisphere at latitude 23.4378? N on the tropic of cancer and it is also found at the southern hemisphere at latitude 23.4378? S on the tropic of Capricorn. The tropical region is a place where the sub solar point is reached by the sun. A sub solar point is a region where the sun is directly overhead the equator which happens once in a year. There is a direct distinction between the tropics and other climatic and biomatic regions of the earth, with the latitudes that appear in the middle and the Polar Regions on a different side of the equatorial zone Climate distribution of the tropical The tropic has its own climate distribution that may be different to other geographical areas. The tropics sometimes can be used generally to refer to a tropical climate which means that the area has warm to hot and moist all year round, additionally there is the sense of lush vegetation. Most of the tropical regions experience dry and wet seasons where the wet season or rainy season or the green season has an occurrence in that it covers only one to several months that is if the average annual rainfall drops in the region. It is believed that the areas having wet seasons are exposed to dissemination across the tropics and the subtropics. A wet season month is one month that that experiences an average precipitation of about 60 millimetres as per the classification of Koppen in the tropical regions. However the tropical rainforests on a technical bench do not experience wet or dry seasons on grounds that their rainfall is distributed equally throughout the year. It is noted that some areas which experien ce prolonged rainfall are subjected to breaks in rainfall during mid-season that is if the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough gain a movement towards the pole ward of their original location during the middle of the warm season. Facts depict that if the warm season or the summer season experience wet season then precipitation will occur mainly in the late afternoons or in the early evening hours. The wet season is a season where there is an improvement in the quality of air; also there is an improvement in water quality while the vegetation grows significantly thus causing late yield of crop in the season. Floods cause a huge effect both on the environment and the habitants of the area. It is depicted that there are overflows in the river banks and the animals move to a higher ground while there is loss of soil nutrients and increase in soil erosion. During these harsh conditions, the animals design a survival strategy for them to survive along the harsh conditions of wet seasons. It is unfortunate that there are identified food shortages in to the wet season that is brought by the previous dry seasons since the crops are yet to mature. It is not obvious that regions found in the tropics have a tropical climate. Such regions include the snow-capped peaks which include the Mauna Kea not forgetting the Mount Kilimanjaro and additionally the Andes. Other regions also include the northern parts of Chile and Argentina. Tropical ecosystem Apart from the tropical climate, the tropical

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Art history - Essay Example Very little is known about the work or life of the painter. However, it is known that, during this time, the paintings were instrumental in both the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox churches. The painting was almost at the same time as the Madonna on the rocks by Leonardo Da Vinci and Titian Madonna of the house by Pesaro. These three paintings have the same composition of the virgin and the child (p. 204). The painting has several characters from the bible, the primary figures being the virgin and the child as the centerpiece. In this painting, the child (Christ) is borne on a litter that is decorated with rose petals which are red and white in color. This signifies a marriage between the church and Mary Ecclesia, the church and Christ himself. The litter on which the child sits is held up by two angels. This is an act in the painting is meant to create the hierarchy of the painting. Behind the image, there is a parapet which is white in color. Behind the parapet, John the Baptist and Jerome are reading a book. In the background, there is a rock which is surrounded by a river. This gives the painting a feeling of some movement. The background image also consists of several people praying. The background also shows a beautiful landscape with a lot of activities in the background (P, 216). In Madonna on the rocks, the painting shows a photo of the Virgin Mary, the child (Christ) and John the Baptist as an infant. In this piece, they are arranged in a triangular manner. The background has rocks but, has a distant landscape of water and mountains. In this painting, the Virgin Mary is the apex of the figure which forms the shape of a pyramid. The composition of this painting is almost similar to that of Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels. However, there are slight differences. This includes the Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels where the background is an open space while in the Madonna on the rocks the background is

Emotional intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotional intelligence - Research Paper Example With emotional intelligence, good rapport is created in the workplace and hence a guaranteed performance increase which is an indication of success in management (Groves & Vance, 2009). Emotional sensitivity is all about knowing the right thing to right depending on the situation without worsening it already. Literacy enables an understanding of the different techniques a manager can use to be able to communicate with employees. A combination of the two skills; emotional sensitivity and literacy are therefore necessary if a manager is to have an effective team of employees and be able to manage them effectively (Emmerling & Boyatzis, 2012). The dangers with the lack of the two skills above in a manager will most likely cause ineffective communication with the employees and this will definitely harm the patients who will be on the receiving end by the employees who are angry and dissatisfied and hence distracted in their duties. The nursing employees are required to be emotionally in line and pay full concentration when attending to patients and this can be determined by the manager (Codier, Muneno, Franey & Matsuura,

Boxing culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Boxing culture - Research Paper Example Boxing goes as far back as the second and third millennium BC. Archaeologists have found drawings and tablets that suggest that fist fighting was something that begun a long time ago, it may not have been as sophisticated as it is right now, and usually they would result in dangerous and deadly battles. Homer’s Iliad gives a good depiction of a possibly early era boxing fight. He writes it in the Mycenaean era and sometimes they would beat each other with fists until one of them died. (Fleischer) The very first ever boxing match was documented in 1681 and it took place in Britain. This happened when the Duke of Albemarle initiated a fight between his own butler and butcher and offered a prize to the winner. After a few years, boxing began to grow. All over England, matches were held. Years later, a match resulted to an opponent being killed, and this prompted a man known as Jack Boughton to develop the very first set of rules and had them published in 1743. There were twelve p rominent rules and this was when wearing of gloves was first brought in. This is where the knockout rule came about that stated that if a man was down and couldn’t continue for thirty seconds, then the fight was over. Broughton’s rules had the welfare of the players in mind. Because of his contribution, he is considered â€Å"the Father of Boxing†. The point where boxing really began to revolutionize was in 1865 when John Sholto Douglass, the Eighth Marquess of Queensberry wrote new boxing rules that basically transformed the sport to what it is today. In these new rules, he introduced the time of three minutes per round. He also made the wearing of gloves mandatory and prohibited wrestling during the match. These rules really kicked in when James Corbett defeated John Sullivan with the new established rules. He was the first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry rules. It was in the early 19th century that boxing was first included in the St. Louis O lympic Games. Beginning with that, many talented fighters all over the world began flocking and they would fight for titles. This went on, really well into the 21st century. In 1927, the National Boxing Association (NBA) was formed. This was the very first authorization body to oversee the sport. The main goal of the NBA was to get talented boxers together to fight, to make sure there were no ethical problems, and to make the sport even more popular than it was at the time. Today, there are three governing bodies over boxing. They are the World Boxing Council (WBC), International Boxing Federation (IBF), and the World Boxing Association (WBA). (Fox) Today, the Marquis of Queensberry rules are still being used. Some of the rules include that there should be up to three judges at ringside to score the game. Each boxer is also assigned a ring corner where he will take breaks, and enter in at. Another general rule of boxing is that hitting below the belt, biting, pushing or any of the l ike is prohibited. To avoid this, the boxer should have his shorts pulled up so as to not hit the genitals. A boxer cannot hold the ropes for support while he is punching or drop anywhere below the waist of the opponent while punching.

'Loser Pays' Rules Make A Comeback Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

'Loser Pays' Rules Make A Comeback - Article Example Under the current system, lawsuits have proven to be outrageously expensive for corporations. These lawsuits have generated up to $73 billion being paid by corporations, out of which a staggering amount of $17 billion has made its way into the pockets of plaintiff attorneys. Out of the latter, the plaintiffs fail to claim the amount that rightfully belongs to their corporation. The implemented taxes that should serve to protect shareholders instead cause more harm due to added litigation charges. Lawsuits are initiated because of a third party harming the corporations. These lawsuits add to the damage and do little to control the initial problems. Because there are no added costs involved, shareholders have been relentlessly filing lawsuits against the third parties that harm corporations. In such an event, the authorities have decided to implement a loser-pays rule. According to this rule, the party which loses in the trial has to pay the costs incurred by the winner as well. Since the trial never really subjects the parties to any costs whatsoever, through this rule, the shareholders will have to take precautions before going ahead with the lawsuit. This is because the probability of winning a trial is not definite for all cases. Therefore, shareholders are risking higher costs when initiating a lawsuit. If they lose, they will have to ‘compensate’ for the resulting costs incurred by the winning party. The loser-pays rule is very different from the American Rule applied in the United States. Under the latter, the long-term shareholders bear the costs of added litigation which are not obvious at the time of the trial. This rule is not new to economies as it has been the basis of shareholder lawsuits in the United Kingdom. If this rule is implemented it would alter the business model currently being followed by introducing actual financial risk. However, this rule needs to be implemented at the

Fast Food the Unhealthy Road Taken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast Food the Unhealthy Road Taken - Essay Example This is a clear indication that most people  consume  fast foods (Knechtges 2011). Currently, it is true that most people are  busy  due to  commitment  with many responsibilities. As a result, time spent while cooking food has reduced drastically. Therefore, the only option that is convenient  to the majority is the use of fast foods. This has enabled t fast food industry to be successful in recent years. Moreover, the industry’s ability to deliver a consistent quality of food in a large geographical area, and at a fair price has contributed significantly to its growth. Frequent users, of fast foods state that they  like  taking them because of  limited  time that does not  allow  them to  move long distances in search for alternatives. However, one of the most  essential  issues that most people forget concerning fast foods is their lack of  nutrition  value. Considering there are families, who depend entirely  on fast foods throughout t he day without worrying about the nutritional value or the long-term impacts of fast foods on an  individual’s health. One of the main  impacts  related with fast foods is that it makes one  overweight  i.e. obese. This is so because fast foods have  low  fiber concentration, high concentration of carbohydrates, and high level of fat  concentration. These are the elements or characteristics making people consuming fast foods to put on weight.  According to research, it is clear that, most countries where  fast  foods  are highly consumed, majority  of  the population are overweight or obese.  In addition,  most of the  young population  ends up becoming obese or overweight. Over time, obesity or overweight leads to other health problems especially of the heart.... This essay approves that people who prefer to go for a high proportion that may not be healthy instead of considering a healthy and reasonable amount end up endangering their lives. Recently, there has been negative publicity about fast foods. As a result, people have come up with alternatives to solve negative issues associated with fast foods. In addition, the fast foods restaurants have incorporated fruit juice, fruits, and salads alongside the meals or foods sold in their restaurants. A majority of health foundations has approved this because their intention is to ensure that customers consume a balanced and nutritious diet. However, despite attempts to offer a balanced diet, prices charged are high compared to those charged for the unhealthy options such as fast foods. As a result, majority of customers does not consider buying them, but instead prefer the unhealthy option. In most cases, due to the addictive nature of unhealthy foods, young children are enticed to make unhealth y choices. This report makes a conclusion that regular consumption of fast foods leads to significant health hazards. Although people are aware of this fact, incorporating change in their eating habits is not an easy task. Consequently, it is essential to commence change; it is essential to start with basic changes such as a reduction of the frequency of fast food consumption. Instead, people should focus on consumption of home cooked foods that have plenty of vegetables, fruits, and fresh foods. This way, cases of obesity or overweight will reduce. In cases of children, parents should encourage them to take fruits instead of fast foods thus reducing chances of overweight by the under age population.

Globalization and Industrialized Countries Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Industrialized Countries Essay As globalization ‘can be seen as being a condition resulting from a long history of international exploration, invasion and colonization, fuelled by economic, military, religious and political interests, and enabled through enormous developments in transport and communications technologies’ (Evans 1997:12). The industrialized environment has transformed drastically since the advent of globalization. Industrialized countries have undertaken extreme restructuring by modifying their means of communication and synchronization of work activities. Globalization has made it promise for companies to work on a real-time basis, whereby products and services are conveyed to the right place at the right time. Since then, globalization and information technology has propagated and has undergone significant improvements. Costs have sustained to decline as these new technologies have emerged. A business not supported by a network of computer systems (primary information technology) is more or less destined to fail, since it will be incapable to compete efficiently in todays complex and dynamic environment (Aiki S. 1991). Companies are not the only ones who have gained from advances in modern information technology. Consumers and interest groups have created strategic alliances and now capable to coordinate their activities as well as exchange ideas and thoughts through a number of database and network systems (Collins J. C. , and J. I. Porras. 1991). For instance, owners of personal computers can subscribe to a computer network and without difficulty retrieve information on the products and corporations on line. Such information can also without problems be transmitted to other users. This huge use of technology by both consumers and companies affects, but the way business is run today. These consumer strategic alliances know no geographical limitations; oftentimes, they are global in nature, particularly among the industrialized nations. As companies can get in enormous profits from the better coordination, greater product elasticity, improved quality, leaner production, and more time-based competitiveness that information technology offers, they also facades the threat that can come from these consumers strategic alliances. For instance, corporations can no longer ignore consumer demands for constant product quality, reliability and respect for the environment, or timely delivery of services. As we move toward more and more advanced technologies, the labor force must be retrained. This training must not only expose workers to the technical matters adjoining the new process but also to the new focus of the organization. They have to be made responsive of the importance of advanced technology in improving work methods and in remaining competitive. Employee compulsion to the new process is imperative. Globalization by itself adds little or no value to an organization. There should be organizational as well as employee dedication to exploit the technology to the maximum (Scott, A. 1996). For instance, with ever-increasing use of computer-integrated manufacturing systems, and the stream of technical documentation that accompanies it, employees have to be skilled of recognizing the critical information at the right time. Once that information is recognized and properly interpreted, there must be an organizational dedication to use the information to make better decisions. Without this potential, the organization cannot take advantage from new technologies. Human resources’ management, therefore, will persist to be a critical factor in the survival of any organization (Schlossberg H. 1992). We sum up the influence of globalization on human resources as follows: †¢ Information technology transforms the mode of communication and work processes. †¢ Custom or standardized operations are replaced with skilled and multi-skilled workers. An extremely trained labor force is desired to manage information technology. †¢ Worker motivation and satisfaction might improve since workers are no longer restricted to routine operations, enjoy management powers, and can contribute to developments in their work processes. (Waters, M. 1995) Globalization also has an impact on the organization itself, as follows: †¢ Organizational reformation is required. This reformation makes the organization flat. Decision-making powers are decentralized. †¢ Communications are better and the organization is capable to make timely responses to its environment. †¢ Introduction of new products and services is improved and varieties of products can be efficiently introduced and marketed by the organization. †¢ The organization is competent to improve its efficiency, quality, and competitiveness. (Scott, A. 1997) Todays advanced technology can, conversely, easily become a basic technology. A rapid increase of new technologies also brings rapid obsolescence of earlier technologies. Policies concerning technology must not be static; they must keep evolving. Stalk (1988) points out that competitive advantage is a persistently moving target . . . The best competitors, the most thriving ones, know how to keep moving and always stay on the cutting edge. Competitiveness A company should be able to evaluate potential new technologies quickly. The goal must be to remain competitive, and effective management of technology is a vital step in achieving this. With an increased focus on customer satisfaction, technology is a decisive means for achieving customer satisfaction. Browning (1990) notes that a learning organization uses technology incessantly to refresh its knowledge of its customers’ wants and to work out new ways of satisfying them. This commitment to be a learning organization needs vast resources, however. For example, Browning also points out that building a learning organization necessitates new skills, clever people and capable machines. Noticeably, technology and human resources should be used together for the organization to stay competitive (Cunningham, S. and Jacka, E. 1996). Barabba and Zaltman (1991) note that hearing the accent of the market and making constructive use of it with respect to the voice of the firm is a learning progression. Essentially, the voice of the market has to be interpreted into facts and tasks that will lead to suitable products or services to satisfy customer needs. This is related to the application of quality function deployment, whereby the organization expands its strategic plans to assure customer needs. Thus, a learning organization should also be a caring organization. As a caring organization, its major objective is to please its stock or stakeholders, its customers, and employees, and also to be collectively responsible. The traditional organization, with the focus on satisfying stockholders alone, is varying to this new form, with a sophisticated stakeholder group (Petrella, R. 1999). Thus, globalization and human resources’ management are recognized as key variables that facilitate an organization to improve its productivity, quality, and competitiveness. A critical constituent is the information technology, which offers both opportunities and challenges. The organization should show understanding to its environment via its policies, and be learning and caring organization, as time and reliability influence competitiveness. Finally, organizations should innovate and constantly move to achieve new targets, particularly in view of todays rapidly developing new technologies (Shields, R. 1997).

Technological Advances: A Global Village

Technological Advances: A Global Village 1 Introduction of assignment The transformation of this world due to technological advances is making it global village. (McLuhan, 1999) in the past three decades, many governments set for free market system and their economy abilities and opportunities have attracted international business to invest in their economies. Even there are more results of globalization related to these economies. There are many efforts made by all governments in the world to the elimination of restrictions on business and trade. Many have provided their people with waste choice in goods, services and other sectors throughout the continents. With new opportunities it is expansion of global business that has benefited all industries and sectors. There is development of new companies and business with many other partners in foreign markets. This lead system to an international trade and business. There are now new businesses and structures which can make more profits from this economic globalization. There are many universally accepted benefits with this globalization now days. Technology is one of major cause that drivers globalization and it had transformed human social and economic life in a way which giving both consumers and businesses new way to discover economic opportunities. There is much with consumer needs and choices that been developed with this global business. There is lot with the value of your choices and needs. Well understanding of economic trends in all parts of the world is result of this change and can easily be transferred to shape up better life in human society with the funds and goods now available to all countries. There are many commercial and economic benefits for all partners in this way from transactions, mergers and acquisitions that now become commonplace issues. All we can thanks to this positive effects that globalization have contributed in human life by increase in employment, cash flows, cultural, trade and other external unfolding in this wa y. There are also environmental and social issues from awareness to actions among masses of this world. However as it is said that there can be two sides that every coin have, same is with globalisation as we see some negative due to this globalization. There can be lot of debate over this issue of advantage and disadvantage of globalization, we find many anti-globalisation protest especially global economic forum is famous for such protest every year. Yet it is very difficult make a conclusion that wither it is a blessing or it is a curse for world. We in this particular study will focus on the concepts of globalization, we will also see into the advantage and disadvantage of globalisation. We will try to find how businesses use to manage this trend of globalization based on their activities for any new market. At some point we will make analysis about the entrance of Toyota in the UK market. 2 Globalization as Phenomenon Globalization is controversial term in itself; while there can be lots of opinions about this. The world have witnessed many advantages to this phenomenon of the globalization. We are also seeing many ill effects or demerits of globalisation especially the trends and behaviours that harming environment on large scale. The concept says that globalisation is phenomenon lead by technological advancements and advancements in transportation that making work a smaller village. Globalisation is result of scientific advancements in communications and transportation means. It had turned the world of business a rapidly changing and growing world. Many poor economies have gained lot and with much better speed with this global trend on business. Today one can travel a start business in other corner of the world with better speed and growth. Globalisation has raised the human living standards and it had helped many poor economies to get advance with speed. There is also believe that it have benef itted only the multinational businesses not the people. It is also said that it had made high up damage to local cultures and businesses. All the small firms operating locally have to suffer from this trend that is reason many local governments sometimes discourage global companies in their areas to start a new business because they want to save local business and markets. (Robock, 1989) this has lead to many questions about the future of this globalization as there are many such ambiguities that are related with it. We will be looking at some aspects in this study like is globalisation good or it is bad? What are cultural implications of this? There are many questions that cannot be covered here like what impacts globalisation making over social and religious traditions? There is needed to make this phenomenon a balanced one to get more benefits for businesses and societies. We can find many answers related to business expansion and global economy. 2.1 Business Globalization Globalization of businesses like all other a thing in globalisation is happening and it is taking world economy, world politics and global culture. (Hill, 2007)This included the expansion of markets and business throughout the world. In business main objective lies with profits and profits come with margins between price and cost of production or through large scale selling. There are more benefits for both consumers and business men with global expansion of business. The companies going into global markets need to make changes according to local markets to get attraction from customers to buy their products or services. These new expansions of global businesses and communication have created a new global business culture over the world. 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of Globalization of business There is lot of debate over the advantages and disadvantages of the global markets and businesses. There much in written and talked form over every platform about this. There is need to look into these things to do a good justice to this study. In coming study we will look at the advantages and disadvantages of the Take a look at the following advantages and disadvantages of global marketing. There is different situation with different companies around globe. There are certain advantages and disadvantage at same time for globalisation of business. Advantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction in marketing costs: If we look at amounts of marketing for global business it looks huge but if you compare it with unit costs or costs relating profits then its reduced from the costs that were being made for local businesses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global levels: in its scope a global business have wide global level of markets that can generate more earnings through sustainability of demands over the periods and in new markets as business expands. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brand images: Now a day growing global marketing makes easy for businesses to make a static image that can be spread over the continents through different markets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smart Ideas: global businesses are able to make use of the marketing their ideas to have a strategy about products that can be very smart in its way to generate more profits through these innovative ideas on a major global scale. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ uniformity: Throughout the world companies have kind of uniform approach related to their business that helps in monitoring and developing business with less efforts. Disadvantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need of consumer: An American consumer have different choice from consumer in South Africa that costs companies lots of money to make such adjustments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Reactions: Consumers in different part of world have very different reaction to things that sometimes costs lots of losses to businesses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local product: It is allowable for some product to get adjust for example for a Japanese with kind of traditional, and for an American some modern aspect related to product. This need different strategy and technology to deal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local Laws: policies of the company must be in accordance to local laws of their countries. May be laws abroad may be conflicting in these policies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disputes: infrastructure sometimes brings disputes in the industry and with authorities that always costs to businesses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wealth concentration: This is believed that globalisation is concentrated with wealth seeking activities and its major focus is not development and welfare but profit seeking. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the income gaps: It has produced lot of gapes between the developed and underdeveloped countries. 2.3 Culture of Global Business Should always be economic growth at the site of a unique cluster with a fleet of pool of skilled and educated workers. It had access to the depth of the market, or rather access to the last mile is always as conflict or challenge corporate world with some companies having advantages due to huge investments. Costly structure is the global challenges for economy and growth, but need for rethinks about value chain and activities that made distance and time irrelevant. Some companies has adopted with these challenges by the strategy used for this is flooding of money and men power that have set for talents and culture of discipline it also have enhanced the capacities and skills of the labour. This global innovation is quite mixed deeply to the organizational of culture as it is based on multi-talented that make advantage for companies. Thus there is chance of integration of cultures and local knowledge with a wide range of global things to make things work fast and better way. The world today, and technology flourish because of the Indian information technology experts. Are imported motorcycles Bajaj and Kawasaki today face to face with Harley Davidson, BMW and Honda. It is estimated that today there are about 3000 Challenger at the global level. These companies will be a force to be reckoned with because they simplifiers, adopters, Interpreters and drive to succeed and survive in the coming days. They should be able to compete on the basis of the competitors time to a new model for the success of companies in this new trading environment where it competes with everyone and everyone from everywhere. (Gitman, 2008) This could become a competition based on time if and only if they can provide greater value to many times on the model more flexible than the competitor, whether it is another competitor or global giant. These companies need to understand the value of the proposal that the client is looking for and make then make their products according to this value by looking at the client. This pricing on the basis of the value in the case of these companies are looking for and why you should do.These rivals at the same time and some of the strategies in place to surprise their rivals. 2.4 Global projects and Project management Global project management putts set of challenges regardless the business physical locations or regions and time. There are many cultural issues that can go beyond simple things of language and time differences. There are many issues related to management, efficiency and reporting. All big organizations have global business these days and the managers at headquarters have to manage with difficulties and differences of all these countries and their cultures. There must be best options on table for effective management either it is based on communication or geographical diversity. There can be projects that face with cultural barriers at the start but with adopting a successful multi-cultural level team that suits the local systems these can be covered. It is significant to be familiar with minor diversity that can appear later as enough thing to influence the outcome of any project. For example if distance of countries is not more than they can have a cultural similarity like UK and Spain. But if it can be like United UK and Australia that have distance but similar cultures. But if they have different culture and distance that can bring problem for establishment of effective teams and results for a company. These assumptions can be incorrect, experience has shown that almost always from any one of the following differences will affect the project, and these differences should not be administered properly. 1: identify the difference 2: Language difference 3: Time Difference 4: cultural difference 2.5 Key elements for starting New Business in Markets A) Research Details on the environment through any legal agent, also get the knowledge of history. In your case the other party and to check on things get as much information as possible. Whatever you think your customers will see their case as. There are all mediation and efficiently for our clients to negotiate certain techniques. Theres some kind of guidance before going into business should be. ) Proper communication b While e-mail, telephone or other appropriate tools to communicate in day to day, also weekly conference calls and commitments should be scheduled for more progress and enable open discussion about the issues. C) Business Expectations At the beginning of the project report should determine the frequency form. It is likely that the local level and the global need for various reports D) address cultural issues This is a two-way (or more) process to make sure that all teams hope to understand each others point of view. If necessary, the different cultures to conduct the investigation cost, quality and status of different areas such as time should be estimated. Can be also found at different locations culture references, but the difference in skills. E) lack of recognition While not listening to the local teams at the same time the global project team members such as lack of respect for personal obligations, the director works much excitement in the region is likely to result in the negative. Instead, the day when all members are available and the decision as a conference call or regularly for updates on the report, a general order for the report within the time limit should be. 2.6 Development of international team i) motivating teams The global project manager to understand what motivates a variety of teams is important. Quickly and make your team members with the key to honest discussions can connect. Level, this responsibility also lies at the local level should determine. Progress ii) Monitoring There project when it is not possible to assess the progress a few steps. For example, when there is work and the completion of the first group depend on each other based on the progress made in two types of packages. Building trust and loyalty between international teams and local communities, and ensure reporting completely honest and gives an accurate picture of progress. iii) Regular response Project manager is always work to clearly define expectations for all the world should provide a detailed proposal. Failure to do so that misunderstandings and poor work due to the fact that not all team members located in the same location will be exacerbated to can lead to. 2.7 Trade Control Tasks of a) Distribution Where possible, teams of expertise most appropriate for use with each task. Communication with all teams to explain the reasoning task assigned to the cost benefits where appropriate, analysis using the ill feeling between the teams to prevent. B) dependency management Should be based on the skills available in one place and work groups should be allowed to manage. When possible, dependencies, deadlines, do not plan very carefully and detailed the relevant features are required to document the objectives and results C) global stakeholders management Stakeholders to identify and relatively clear, but large and complex projects to the expectations of stakeholders in the analysis is not the world. And different agendas and competition between different groups, and these relationships should be managed as a whole in the world to reduce the impact on the success of the project. 2.8 Task Distribution Exchange must agree on the overall level of requirements for any request, after we consult with all stakeholders. Allstakeholders schedule and local level by the overall level before agreeing to the impact on budget and authorized MustAssess any changes. ) I determine the purpose Despite the risks inherent in each project must be, andmitigation should be in place, we work for the overall project requirements and deadlines allcategories understand and, more importantly, it would be all AcceptableTo all teams should fare. And then become a reality reduce the likelihood of any threat to. ii) Mediation Two parties with one another are among atwar a way to dispose of. In mediation, you always use alternative dispute resolution Someform arbitration to settle disputes amicablyBetween andpicks parties to use the technology. Dialogue between the parties solve the correction based on gold approprià ©e. All parties generally must be see shed, an honest broker, and we should carefully consult history and often suspect. Tosettle mediate conflicts and disputes resolution broker, commercial technology, and legal as well familyissues, and use of personal diplomacy, and in the workplace Toyota 3 cases Toyota also in the United Kingdom is 21, which is still in the development world and new transport and production solutions while respecting and protecting the global environment to address the challenges of achievement leads. Toyota Motor Corporation Established in 1919, and the clothes are interested in the theory advanced loom on the horizon for building. Today, Toyota is a truly global business, worldwide manufacturing of vehicles in factories on six continents and over a quarter of a million people directly to work. 160 to market their products are sold worldwide. Europe as part of a wider strategy, the companys production center is built here: Introduction Toyota, near Derby, Burnaston, in the heart of global manufacturing plant, a company that has grown in 70 years, the largest supplier has become the worlds third largest producer of car engines in Deeside. (Toyota, 2010) The second is in North Wales. Powered by Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK), they present surplus of  £ 1.7 billion investment represents. Burnaston new Toyota Avensis, which began in the spring of 2003, only center for the production. It also creates three versions and five-door Toyota Corolla. In 2002, Europes most important car manufacturer Toyota and efficiency in an independent survey in 2003 another came in Burnaston has announced that production on the clock to take an unprecedented step to launch a third daily shift start there will. Deeside already working on a three shift pattern, both gasoline and diesel engines for the new Avensis and Corolla built. (Toyota, 2010) also makes engine parts to Toyota factories around the world, Turkish and French exports to other countries including South America. United Kingdom, and Europes second largest for new cars Toyota and Lexus models 2002.Sales, which together represent about five percent of total sales equal to 133 500 to more than 2 .5 million registered with the market. Toyota Lexus and Toyota with 17 and six models of any plant in the United Kingdom offers a broad range of products. Britains fourth-largest source of the car, and Toyota in manufacturing key and influential role in the country. Toyota personal transport solution for the construction of continuous production and have been working can be effective and that are looking to the future. Company heavier compounds and technologies that address the issue of environmental concerns and diminishing resources have been invested in development. His work in the UK, with the creation of high quality environmental impact of vehicles to meet all the demands of motorists today by reducing the Toyota clearly its commitment to future success. Toyota is still the British government and the automotive industry as a whole on a wide range of issues affecting their agencies working together, especially in the campaign for cleaner and more efficient solutions, and Transp ortation seems to manufacturing. United Kingdoms main market, both in terms of sales and building a new Toyota Prius Of world production of Toyota cars. (Toyota, 2010) Manufacturing production outside of Japan since 1959 when it opened its first factory in Brazil and abroad. Today 27 countries including Japan, the 58 factories, and construction of over one million six-year cars sold in different markets and 160 national. Toyota car production in the United Kingdom is an important element of global manufacturing strategy. The companys theory that the cars where they are sold to local market needs of the building after completion. 1989 UK Manufacturing (TMUK) Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. based on the state line while in the state, paving the way for the first European car manufacturing process. 1992 Production begins in the mail with Kareena Burnaston factory and engine production begins in Deeside. E Kareena ends 1997 with production to replace the Avensis; TMUK export wins Queens Award. Avensis Corolla launched in 1998 with Burnaston production. Toyota Avensis first exports to Japan. Deeside production line Toyota RAV4 This has helped increase exports Toyota five levels in all parts of Europe as a producer in the United States to stabilize the situation continued strong sales performance: Toyota is now the largest exporter of cars manufactured in the United States fourth largest full- . TMUK are estimated production of 20 percent of the domestic market in exports, and the balance of Europe and the world (about 75 percent and five respectively) of the rest. Toyota has announced that the model is sent to the Avensis 36000 per year. More than six million vehicles in 2002 to build the global situation, Toyota Motor Corp., maker of cars occupied by the worlds third largest. Toyota 58 factories in 27 countries around the world is going on. All day, every day the equivalent of industrialization and the construction of a car every six seconds level. Marketing of Toyota vehicles in more than 160 countries around the world. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Toyota 50000000000 pounds more than the market, General Motors, Ford and DaimlerChrysler combined value of more value. Toyota Production System Toyota Motor Corporation and the early days of the companys founder Sakichi TOYODA motivation has its roots. Invented the horizon, which automatically stopped the emerging theme that is cut during the process if any. Toyota PLC (GB) United Kingdom Good marketing and sales strategies at the national level. All these departments have been working effectively with sales, marketing after sales service and customer relations. The Surrey Heath since 2001 in the new headquarters was near the Epsom. The headquarters has about 400 employees. There Grimsby Derby and the vehicles and logistics center is working efficiently. Toyota increased its sales in the United Kingdom continuously for 11 years had achieved a performance record. The fastest growing UK brand position. 4 Porters five forces We can make a study based on Porters five forces to know the competition levels in any industry which is working in this global environment. The industry should look at its large part to determine the business strategy and particularly growth strategy. (Hill, 2007) also on the basis that the economy is essential to this industry, and the possibility of profit is determined by the industry is very competitive interactions. That can be drawn where these interactions are intense, tend away from the profits of competing activities. Where light and competitors seem manageable, and the possibility of profit tends to be high. After making understanding of all main elements of competition in this industry is easy to look into things. Porter made identification of five fundamental forces which collectively illustrate the state of any business current or future destiny. a) Competition in the industry 1. What is the intensity of competition among competitors 2. Is there any threat of some new entrants to this market 3. What is level of bargaining power that suppliers have 4. What kind and level of bargaining customers have in the industry 5. What kind of alternative products are available as a threat These forces help to determine presence or absence of opportunities that can be there for industry or company to gain high returns. As the porter five forces are weaker for some company it have chance to get more opportunity in the business to make higher growth and profits. More generally understanding is about forces that how these affect competition within the industry and these then determine position of company and its strategy options in future. b) Consequences for Toyota i) The threat of entrants (Very high) ii) Power suppliers (Very Low) iii) Threat of substitutes (Very high) iv) Power of buyers (low) v) Threat Rivalry (high) 5 Conclusion Companies in the current environment need strategies at the global level since their starts of the work and for any new launch in business. There is needed to look for the growth at the highest international level and there should be measures that are necessary to control major declines in business. There is need to avoid stagnation in one area of world that makes unequal growth of development. There is need for SMART as specific, measureable, achievable, right and time bound strategies to survive in this global business environment. We can see how Toyota and Skoda making things moving in their favour by diversity of strategies. There is always need for a good global image. All businesses need to find ways to keep pace with this growing global economy and competition in the markets.

Introduction to personality

Introduction to personality The manner in which a person acts and interacts is a reflection of his personality. Personality is influenced by hereditary, cultural and social factors. Regardless of how its defined, however, psychologists generally accept certain principles: Personality is an organized whole; otherwise, the individual would have no meaning. Personality appears to be organized into patterns that are to some degree observable and measurable. Although personality has a biological basis, its specific development is also a product of social and cultural environments. Personality has superficial aspects such as attitudes toward being a team leader and a deeper core such as sentiments about authority or the Protestant work ethic. Personality involves both common and unique characteristics. Every person is different from every other person in some respects, while being similar to other persons in other respects. (Sources from James L Gibson, John M. Ivancevich, Jams H. Donnelly, JR and Robert Konopaske, (2003). Organisational Behavior, Structure, Process, New Yoke: The McGraw-Hill Companies). Part of the pleasure of getting to know someone is the fascination of learning who they are and how they think. Each person has a unique pattern of thinking, behaving, and expressing their feelings. In short, everyone has a unique personality. Without doubt, personality touches our daily lives. Falling in love, choosing friends, getting along with co-workers, voting for a president, or coping with your zaniest relatives all raise questions about personality. What is Personality? Personality could be further explained by the following theories by various writers: Personality can be defines as an integrated part of an individual it is something a person does or has. People bring their personalities to situations and take them away with them when they leave (Davey, 2004). Personality defines as a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine commonalities and differences in peoples behavior (James, 1994). Personality defines as a persons unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior (Funder, 2001). Personality defines as the structures inside a person that explain why he or she creates a particular impression on others (MacKinnon, 1969). Personality refers to the consistency in who you are, have been, and will become. It also refers to the special blend of talents, value, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes each of us a unique person (Coon, 2006). Personality defines as an individuals personality is a relatively stable set of characteristics, tendencies and temperaments that have been significantly formed by inheritance and by social, cultural and environmental factors. This set of variables determines the commonalities and differences and differences in the behavior of the individual (Gibson, 2003). Personality defines as the distinctive impression a person makes on others (Goldberg, 1993). Personality defines as a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a persons characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings (Carver and Scheier, 2000) (Allport, 1961). Personality defines as the combinations of the psychological traits that characterize that person (Robbins and DeCenzo, 2005). Personality defines as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations (Ryckman, 2004). Determinants of Personality Personality is the outcome of a continuous personal quality development process. The role of personality becomes clear in a particular situation. Personality is recognised in a situation. It is the results of personal quality interaction in a particular condition. The major determinants of personality of an individual are given below: Biological factors Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physic stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were; that is, by their biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup. The contribution of heredity to personality development is vividly clear for developing external appearance, behavior, social stimuli, self inner awareness, organizing traits, etc. Environment: Exerts pressure on personality formation. Culture, religious practices, family groups, friends, social groups and experience play a part in shaping personality. Culture establishes norms, attitudes, and values that are passed over generations. Situation: Personality changes in different situations. Different situations demand different types of behavior. Situations restrict or cause us elicit certain types of behaviors. We behave differently when attending funeral. We display different behavior when attending employment interview. Personality Types Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different levels or degrees. According to type theories, for instance, there are two fundamentals types of people, introverts and extraverts. According to traits theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension. Extraverts energy is directed primarily outward, towards people and things outside of themselves. Introverts energy is primarily directed inward, towards their own thoughts, perceptions, and reactions. Therefore, extraverts tend to be more naturally active, expressive, social, and interested in many things, whereas introverts tend to be more reserved, private, cautions, and interested in fewer interactions, but with greater depth and focus. Below Figure 1 is the characteristic of Extraverts and Introverts (Tieger Barron, 2003). Even though types tend to oversimplify personality, they do have value. Most often, types are a shorthand way of labeling who have several traits in common. One well known example of personality types is Type A theory. According to this theory, impatient, hostile people are classified as Type A, whereas calm, laid back individuals are designated as Type B. Type A In Type A personality, people belonging to such category are hard driving, ambitious, highly competitive, achievement oriented, and striving. Type A people believe that with enough effort they can overcome any obstacle, and they push themselves accordingly (Niaura, 2002). Types As seem to chafe at the normal pace of events. They hurry from one activity to another, racing the clock in self-imposed urgency. As they do, they feel a constant sense of frustration and anger. Feelings of anger and hostility, in particular, are strongly related to increased risk of heart attack (Niaura, 2002). Characteristics of Type A people are summarized in the short self-identification test presented in Figure 2 below. Characteristics of the Type A Person Have a habit of explosively accentuating various key words in ordinary speech even when there is no need for such accentuation. Finish other peoples sentences for them. Always move, walk and eat rapidly. Quickly skim reading material and prefer summaries or condensations of books. Become easily angered by slow-moving lines or traffic. Feel an impatience with the rate at which most events take place. Tend to be unaware of the details or beauty of your surroundings. Frequently strive to think of or do two or more things simultaneously. Almost always feel vaguely guilty when you relax, vacation, or do absolutely nothing for several days. Tend to evaluate your worth in quantitative terms (number of As earned, amount of income, number of games won, and so forth). Have nervous gestures or muscle twitches, such as grinding your teeth, clenching your fists, or drumming your fingers. Attempt to schedule more and more activities into less time and in so doing make fewer allowances for unforeseen problems. Frequently think about other things while talking to someone. Repeatedly take on more responsibilities than you can comfortably handle. (Shortened and adapted from Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1983). As our society places a premium on achievement, competition, and mastery, it is not surprising that many people develop Type A personalities. The best way to avoid the self-made stress this causes is to adopt behavior that is the opposite of that listed in Figure 2 above. It is entirely possible to succeed in life without sacrificing your health or happiness in the process. Type B The converse, the Type B individual, mainly is free of the Type A behavior pattern characteristics and generally feels no pressing conflict with either time or persons. The Type B may have considerable drive, want to accomplish things and work hard, but the Type B has a confident style that allows him or her to work at a steady pace and not to race against the clock. The Type A has been likened to a racehorse; the Type B, to a turtle. Type B individual appear more relaxed and easy-going. They accept situations and work within them rather fight them competitively. Type B individual are especially relaxed regarding time pressure, so they are less prone to have problems associated with stress. Still, Type B individuals can be highly productive workers who meet schedule expectations; they simply obtain results in a different manner. Characteristics of the Type B Person Patient Relaxes Easy-going, mellow May avoid confrontation Not quick to anger (Shortened and adapted from Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1983). Personality Traits Five specific personality traits have proven most powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations. These are locus of control, machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring and risk propensity. Locus of Control Some people believe that they control their own fate. Others see themselves as pawns of fate, believing that what happens to them in their lives us due to luck or chance. The Locus of Control in the first case is internal. In the second case, it is external; these people believe that their lives are controlled by outside forces. A manager might also expect to find that externals blame a poor performance evaluation on their bosss prejudice, their employees, or other events outside their control, whereas internal explain the same evaluation in terms of their own actions. Machiavellianism The second personality trait is called Machiavellianism. An individual who is high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, believes that ends can justify means, and is found to have beliefs that are less ethical. Jobs that require bargaining skills (labour negotiator) or that have substantial rewards for winning (a commissioned salesperson), high Machiavellianism are productive. In job in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute standards of the performance, it is difficult to predict the performance of high Machiavellianism. Self-Esteem People differ in the degree to which they like or dislike themselves. This trait is called Self-Esteem. The research on Self-Esteem offers some interesting insights into organizational behavior. For instance, Self-Esteem is directly related to expectations for success. High Self-Esteem believed that they possess the ability to succeed at work. Individuals with high Self-Esteem will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than are people with low Self-Esteem. Low Self-Esteem is dependent on positive evaluations from others. As a result, they are more likely to seek approval from others and more prone to conform to the beliefs and behaviors of those they respect than are high Self-Esteems. Self-Monitoring The third personality trait is called Self-Monitoring. It refers to an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors (Snyder, 1987). Individuals high in Self-Monitoring can show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external, situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. Risk Propensity The final personality trait is called Risk Propensity. A preference to assume or avoid risk has been shown to have an impact on how long it takes individuals to make a decision and how much information they require before making their choice. For instance, 79 managers worked on a simulated human resources management exercise that required them to make hiring decisions (Taylor, 2000). High risk-taking managers made more rapid decisions and used less information in making their choices than did the low risk-taking managers. Interestingly, the decisions accuracy was the same for both groups. The Big 5 Models The Big Five represents taxonomy (classification system) of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. These traits were arrived at through factor analysis studies. The five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The following are some of the important characteristics of the five factors. The factors are dimensions, not types, so people vary continuously on them, with most people falling in between the extremes (Soldz Vaillant, 1999). The factors are stable over a 45-year period beginning in young adulthood (Soldz Vaillant, 1999). The factors and their specific facets are heritable (McCrae, 1998). The factors probably had adaptive value in a prehistoric environment (Buss, 1996). The factors are considered universal, having been recovered in languages as diverse as German and Chinese (McCrae Costa, 1997). Knowing ones placement on the factors is useful for insight and improvement through therapy (McCrae Costa, 1992). The Big Five factors and their constituent traits: Openness Appreciation for art, Emotion, Adventure, Unusual ideas, Imagination, Curiosity and Variety of experience Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Extraversion Energy, Positive emotions, Surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability. (Source adapted from J. S. Wiggins (Ed.). The five-factor mode of personality: Theoretical perspectives. New York: Guilford). Openness Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. The trait distinguishes imaginative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to hold unconventional beliefs (Buss D. M., 1996). People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavours as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty. They are conservative and resistant to change (Buss D. M., 1996). Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. The trait shows a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses (Buss D. M., 1996). The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as intelligent and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics (Buss D. M., 1996). Extraversion Extraversion, also called extroversion, is characterized by positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say Yes! or Lets go! to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves (Buss D. M., 1996). Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone (Buss D. M., 1996). Agreeableness Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. The trait reflects individual differences in concern with for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy (Burger, 2008). Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others well-being, and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative (Burger, 2008). Neuroticism Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotics ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress (Burger, 2008). Individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings. Frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain (Burger, 2008). Application The test that I had just taken is based on the Five Factor Model of personality. There is a broad consensus amongst personality theorists that this model, which describes five major domains or traits, is the best current description of the structure of personality. The five major dimensions, and my scores on them, are described below. Factor I: Extraversion (AKA Surgency) This trait reflects preference for, and behavior in, social situations. People high in extraversion are energetic and seek out the company of others. Low scorers (introverts) tend to be more quiet and reserved. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor II: Agreeableness (AKA Friendliness) This trait reflects how we tend to interact with others. People high in agreeableness tend to be trusting, friendly and cooperative. Low scorers tend to be more aggressive and less cooperative. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor III: Conscientiousness (AKA Will or Dependability) This trait reflects how organized and persistent we are in pursuing our goals. High scorers are methodical, well organized and dutiful. Low scorers are less careful, less focused and more likely to be distracted from tasks. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (29) is relatively low. Factor IV: Neuroticism (AKA Emotional Stability) This trait reflects the tendency to experience negative thoughts and feelings. High scorers are prone to insecurity and emotional distress. Low scorers tend to be more relaxed, less emotional and less prone to distress. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average. Factor V: Openness (AKA Culture or Intellect) This trait reflects open-mindedness and interest in culture. High scorers tend to be imaginative, creative, and to seek out cultural and educational experiences. Low scorers are more down-to-earth, less interested in art and more practical in nature. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (21) is relatively low. (Sources adapted from Paul D. Tieger Barbara Barron (2000-2003) retrieved on 21 December 2009, from www.personalitytype.com). Conclusion In conclusion, personality types group people into categories on the basic of shared traits and traits are lasting personal qualities that are inferred from behaviour. People who have traits of the hardy personality seem to be resistant to stress, even if they also have Type A traits. People with Type A personalities are competitive, striving, hostile, impatient, and prone to having heart attacks. Personality variables, such as Locus of Control, Machiavellianism, are associated with behavior and performance. Although difficult to measure, these variables appear to be important personality facets in explaining and predicting individual behavior. Reference Funder D C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review Psychology Coon, D. (2006). Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, (10th eth). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. James L. Gibson (1994). Organisational Behavior, Structure, Process. USA, Von Hoffmann Press Inc. Niaura, R. (1994). Hostility, The Metabolic Syndrome, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease. Health Psychology. Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman (1983). Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Soldz, S., Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. 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(2000). Perspectives on personality (4th eth.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Paul D. Tieger Barbara Barron (2000-2003), Personality Type.com. LLC. Stephen P. Robbins and David A. DeCenzo (2005). Fundamentals of Management. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Ryckman, R. (2004). Theories of Personality. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Jerry M. Burger (2008). Personality (Seventh Edition). Website Reference: www.personalitytype.com www.wikipedia.com